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  • ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์œ„์— ์ง€์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€, ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ Building on the Past: Mérida’s National Museum of Roman Art
    Architecture Story 2025. 8. 21. 20:26

    ๐Ÿ› ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ by ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค

     

    "๊ฑด์ถ•์€ ์œ ์ ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค." - ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค


    ์œ ์ ์„ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ผ๋‹ค

    ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์—๋ฉ”๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์›ํ˜•๊ทน์žฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ์ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ธ (peristyle, ์ค‘์ •ํ˜• ์ฃผํƒ)์€ ํ›—๋‚  ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค์‹ ์ค‘์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„์žฌ (ashlar)๋“ค์€ ๊ท€์กฑ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค.์ด ๊ณณ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ๊ฒน๊ฒน์ด ์Œ“์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜€๋‹ค.

    Building on the Foundations of Ruins

    Rafael Moneo’s Museum of Roman Art is located in Mérida, right at the heart of the ancient Roman city Emerita Augusta.

    When archaeologists dug near the old amphitheater and city walls, they uncovered a whole block full of traces from many different times.

    What used to be Roman peristyle houses (courtyard-style homes) were later turned into Renaissance courtyards.

    Even the stones from Roman buildings were reused, carved into coats of arms for noble families.

    In other words, this site is a place where layers of history from different eras are stacked on top of each other.


    ์œ ์ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹

    ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ„์— ํฐ ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ์”Œ์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฎ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.

    ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ์ ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค.

    ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด์ถ•์ด ์œ ์ ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์กดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

    ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜› ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์€ ์œ ์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์œ ์ ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    How to Deal with Ruins

    In modern architecture, ruins are often protected by putting a big roof over them or covering them in some way.

    But when this happens, the ruins end up being treated only as something to look at from a distance.

    Rafael Moneo chose a different approach. He believed that a new building should become part of the ruins and exist together with them.

    That’s why the museum was designed to touch the old foundations and anchor itself on top of them. It’s not a separate structure built next to the ruins—it’s a modern building rooted in the ruins themselves.


    ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ

    ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์œ ์ ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด, ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค๋Š” ํ‰ํ–‰ ๋‚ด๋ ฅ๋ฒฝ(parallel bearing walls) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
    ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.

    • ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๋””ํ…Œ์ผ: ์ „ํ†ต ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์€ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ค„๋ˆˆ(mortar joint)์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋„ค์˜ค๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฒฝ์€ ์ค„๋ˆˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์ ํ†  ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒฝ์€ ์ „์‹œ๋œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋˜๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

     

    Using Roman Methods

    When designing a museum to display Roman ruins, it was almost impossible not to make a direct reference to Roman civilization. For this reason, Rafael Moneo chose to use the structure of parallel bearing walls.

    This system had been used since Roman times. It not only supported the building but also solved drainage problems. Moneo reinterpreted this ancient method in a modern way and made it the backbone of the museum.

    • Brick details: Traditional Roman brickwork usually had thick mortar joints. But Moneo removed them almost completely. As a result, the walls looked like smooth blocks of clay with no visible joints.
      This clean background made the displayed artifacts stand out even more clearly.

    ํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ(Crypt)์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ์›

    ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€์ƒ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ™•์‹คํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
    ์ฆ‰, ์ง€ํ•˜์™€ ์ง€์ƒ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค.

     

     

    The Crypt and the Roots of Space

    The starting point of the museum was the crypt underground. This was a place that directly showed how Romans built their structures.

    This underground space became the reference point for the entire museum. At the same time, it gained more meaning because of the new building above it.

    In other words, the underground and the aboveground are in a mutual relationship, each depending on the other to be fully understood.

     


    ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋„ค์ด๋ธŒ (Virtual Nave)

    ํ‰ํ–‰ ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์„ฑ๋‹น์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„(๋„ค์ด๋ธŒ) ๊ฐ™์€ ๋А๋‚Œ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.
    ๋‚ด๋ ฅ๋ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„(Voids)์œผ๋กœ ๋šซ๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
    ์ด๋•Œ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ฑ๋‹น์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋‹น์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ — ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋„ค์ด๋ธŒ(Virtual Nave)๋‹ค.

    • ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฌดํ˜•์˜ ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค.
    • ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์•„์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ด ๋„ค์ด๋ธŒ๋Š”, ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋А๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.

    The Virtual Nave

    Inside the museum, the repeated pattern of parallel walls and arches makes the space feel like the central hall of a cathedral, called the nave.

    Between the walls, a series of voids are carved out, and the rhythm of continuous arches is created within them. What visitors experience here is not a real church, but the abstract feeling of one — what Moneo called the “Virtual Nave.”

    • This space doesn’t feel heavy or physical, but instead brings out a sense of intangible sacredness.
    • Formed only by the geometry of walls and arches, the nave allows visitors to feel the scale and atmosphere of Roman architecture in a modern way.

    ์ „์‹œ์™€ ๋น›

    ์ „์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

    • ์ค‘์•™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„(๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋„ค์ด๋ธŒ): ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ „์‹œ.
    • ์ธก๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ฐ„(ํŠธ๋ž€์…‰ํŠธ): ์กฐ๊ฐ, ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์น˜. 
    • ๋น›์˜ ์—ฐ์ถœ: ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ฑ„๊ด‘์ฐฝ์—์„œ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ด‘์€ ์ „์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋น„์ถ˜๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋А๊ปด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ.

    Exhibition and Light

    The way the artifacts are displayed is closely connected to the structure of the building itself.

    • Central space (the Virtual Nave): This is where the most valuable artifacts are shown.
    • Side spaces (the transepts): Here you find mosaics, sculptures, and other pieces.
    • Light: Natural light comes down through skylights above, shining onto the displays and making the artifacts feel as if they truly belong in that place.

    ๋„์‹œ์™€ ํŒŒ์‚ฌ๋“œ

    ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์†์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋„๋กœ๋‹ค.
    ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ผ๋ชฌ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค(José Ramón Mélida) ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ์ž…๋ฉด์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๋ฒฝ(๋ฒ„ํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค)์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.

    ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ: ํ˜„์žฌ ์†์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

     

    The City and the Façade

    The museum does not try to stand out in a flashy way. Instead, it sits quietly and humbly within the city. From the street, the first thing visitors notice is the sunken courtyard and the Roman road revealed inside it.

    On José Ramón Mélida Street, the façade is made of repeated slanted walls (buttresses), giving the building a strong yet rhythmic look.

    Through this, the museum immediately tells visitors what it is about: meeting the past in the middle of the present.


     

     

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